Hydrogen innovation for carbon-free cars

 

A new breakthrough in hydrogen storage technology could overcome a huge obstacle in the widespread uptake of non-polluting cars, emitting no carbon at all.

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UK scientists have developed a compound of the lithium element that could make a fuel-cell-powered car drive 300 miles without refuelling a real possibility.

Achieving this driving range is considered essential if a mass market for fuel cell cars is to develop in future years, but has not been possible using current hydrogen storage technologies.

The universities of Birmingham and Oxford and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxfordshire achieved this breakthrough under the patronage of the UK Sustainable Hydrogen Energy Consortium (UK-SHEC).

UK-SHEC is funded by the SUPERGEN (Sustainable Power Generation and Supply) initiative managed and led by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).

Fuel cells produce carbon-free electricity by harnessing electrochemical reactions between hydrogen and oxygen.

However, today’s prototype and demonstration fuel-cell-powered cars only have a range of around 200 miles.

To achieve a 300-mile driving range, an on-board space the size of a double-decker bus would be needed to store hydrogen gas at standard temperature and pressure.

Storing it as a compressed gas in cylinders or as a liquid in storage tanks would not be practical due to the weight and size implications.

Different approach to hydrogen storage

The UK-SHEC research has therefore focused on a different approach, which could enable hydrogen to be stored at a much higher density and within acceptable weight limits.

The option involves a well-established process called ‘chemisorption’, in which atoms of a gas are absorbed into the crystal structure of a solid-state material and then released when needed.

The team has tested thousands of solid-state compounds in search of a light, cheap, readily available material which would enable the absorption/desorption process to take place rapidly and safely at typical fuel cell operating temperatures.

They have now produced a variety of lithium hydride (specifically Li4BN3H10) that could offer the right blend of properties. Development work is now needed to further investigate the potential of this powder.

"This could be a major step towards the breakthrough that the fuel cell industry and the transport sector have waited for," said UK-SHEC’s Project Co-ordinator, Professor Peter Edwards of the University of Oxford.

"It’s due to SUPERGEN’s vision of combining many of the leading groups in the UK to tackle this, arguably the biggest challenge for the development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.

"This work could make a key contribution to helping fuel cell cars become viable for mass-manufacture within around 10 years," he concluded.

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