Melting ice caps affect climate change

 

The magnitude of global warming will depend largely on the result of ocean circulation, according to Spanish researchers.

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Ocean currents distribute an immense quantity of heat around the Earth, and also determine levels of humidity and energy.

Any variation in ocean circulation may lead to substantial and abrupt climate changes (that is to say over less than 30 years) on a global scale.

Deep ocean sediments offer a record of ocean circulation in the past.

By studying these sediments, researchers at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona could see that abrupt changes in ocean circulation and the subsequent climate change are not a new phenomenon, but have happened on several occasions in the past.

When the great ice sheets covering North America and Scandinavia melted at the end of the last Ice Age, the subsequent flow of fresh water into the North Atlantic caused the greatest natural disturbance in ocean circulation in the last 20,000 years.

This episode provides an excellent model to examine the relationship between ocean disturbance and climate instability.

According to a revision article published in Science, ocean circulation during the last Ice Age was very different to present day circulation.

The formation of deep water currents in the North Atlantic was much weaker and the flow of warm water from the Gulf Stream decreased.

This led to a cooling of the northern hemisphere and contributed to the formation of the great ice caps which covered North America, Scandinavia and Europe.

Observing marine sediments

In a similar study, the marine sediments of the North Atlantic were observed in order to document the sequence of events that led to that disturbance.

The melting caused a significant decrease in the Gulf Stream, which transports warm water from the Gulf of Mexico to the North.

This submerged the region of the North Atlantic into a period of glacial cold which lasted at least 1,200 years.

Nevertheless, the slowing down of the ocean circulation in the North Atlantic began about 700 to 1,200 years before this great melting of the ice caps and the subsequent flow of fresh water into the ocean took place.

The very first stage of this change coincided with brief and isolated periods of melting of the small British Ice Sheet (BIS).

The authors of the study have come to this conclusion from an observation of the fine layers of sediment (formed by grains of quartz) coming from successive waves of icebergs, which, when they melted, dumped their load of sediments onto the sea bed.

These icebergs came from the edges of the ice which surround and stabilised the BIS.

These results show that the disturbances caused by melting may in turn cause substantial changes in ocean circulation without the need for a catastrophic dumping of fresh water.

This seems to indicate that an acceleration in the melting of the Greenland ice cap, could, in fact, play a key role in the future stability of ocean circulation and climate change in the whole North Atlantic region.

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